The path to

science

How does science

emerge?

There exist 2 leading theories in physics which explain the forces and elements, i.e. (1) the Theory of Relativity and (2) the Quantum Theory. The main objective of physics nowadays is to find a General Unified Theory which unifies both theories. However, we do not succeed in finding one. Why did we come to a dead-end? What do we do wrong? Nowadays most of the new physics are found and proven through mathematics. Mathematics is the most respected means to prove theories and solve mysteries. Is this the right method to prove theories? To answer these questions we need to see how science is practiced today? What is science? How does science emerge? And what’s the best way to get solid scientific knowledge? Maybe if we know the best method we see why we got stuck into a swamp?

Observations

Science starts by doing observations. We collect information. We see for example how an apple falls from a tree. In the first instance, these observations are done by our 5 senses. It has a disadvantage that certain not visible phenomena are not well understood. Maybe there exists matter that we do not see nor feel? Science people speak about dark matter. Another example: we see rotating arms in the galaxy around a big centre, which makes it very clear that all stars orbit around the centre of the galaxy. The see something similar in our solar system. In the centre we see the sun, which makes it very clear that the planets orbit around the sun. Besides this, it is proven that all other stars seem to orbit in very small groups around something. So most probably also our sun does. Because we cannot see the centre of this orbit it is more difficult to accept and we need profound observations for proving it. In Dutch, a scientist is called ‘een wetenschapper’ which means someone who knows a lot. Someone who knows a lot does not necessarily understand the observations. Knowing and understanding is quite different. Nevertheless we need observations to start with.

Empirical research

We can drastically increase and enhance observations by means of experiments. With experiments we reproduce situations of which we can see the results. This way we can gather information in a controlled and fast way. Reproducible experiments are very valuable to confirm observations. People who set up the experiments can be called researchers. They are searching for new information through experiments. Nowadays a lot of research is done, a lot of experiments and observations can be found on the internet. In some cases we can see the result of an experiment, however we cannot explain what has lead to that result. We can say what happened, but not why it happened.

Inventarization and

cataloging

The next essential step is making lists of the gathered information. All information is neatly put in lists and tables. This way we have a good overview and we can move on to the next step.

Analysis

Now we come to an essential part to convert information into knowledge. Unfortunately, it is a step which is somehow neglected in current science. Analysing means, as the word says, decomposing into details. Analysts are looking for the different parts which makes the object and for the different sub-processes which makes a process. For the deepest insight, you need to search the smallest parts and processes. After finding the parts, we can synthesis and find structures and compositions of these parts and processes. For example, a company has different divisions with different subdivisions and with different jobs in these subdivisions. The company possesses buildings, vehicles, machinery, computers etc. The main activity of the company is producing and selling lamps. The lamps are first designed, then orders come in, basic materials are bought, machinery and workforces make the lamps, the lamps are sent to the customers, and so on. After decomposing the information, analysts search for general similarities between the information of the components or sub-processes. In the world of informatics, this process is called normalization. This way they can find that mammals have in general 2 eyes, 2 ears, that they all have 4 legs or remains of legs. The parts are general characteristics of mammals. These characteristics can have different values, like the eyes of one kind of animal can be bigger, are their sight can be sharper. Besides the characteristics, there are things that a mammal can do. The mammals can make sound, they can attack, sleep, run,… In the business world, the smallest processes are called procedures, in the software world they are called methods, and in physics they are called forces. Some forces are described in physic laws. This way you have the laws of Newton about movement, or the laws of Pascal about pressure. Now if we examine how much modern physics is built upon analysis, then we can see that in the Quantum Theory, analysis is well done. In the Quantum Theory we can find the smallest particles and forces. On the other hand, the Theory of Relativity cannot be called an analysis. It is a mathematical structure emerged from an idea. Maybe it gives us a clue why both theories are not compatible. Because of the crucial importance of analysis, you can find more examples here as well as a deeper explanation of where modern sciences fail.

Mathematics

After finding the processes or forces, we can define ways to calculate the results of processes or forces. For example, to calculate the speed we divide the travelled path by the time of travel. Mathematics is a very useful instrument. Thanks to mathematics we can calculate the outcome of very complex processes. The most efficient calculations are called formulas. Formulas are simple calculations that we can use again and again. The best-known formula is probably the one of Einstein: E = mc 2 . Nevertheless, formulas are still calculations, and they can only be true if the processes or forces behind the formulas are well understood through analysis. Referential framework Sometimes formulas work only in a certain environment, for example on earth with a gravitational force and with a certain temperature. This we call the referential framework. It is done because sometimes some deviations outside the framework are not well understood. In other cases, the framework is set up in order to make the formulas less complex. Modern science Now we come back to our original questions: How is science employed nowadays? In the 20th century, the best mathematicians are often regarded as the best scientists. Some scientists invent a priori mathematical formulas which afterwards need to be confirmed by observations. It’s the world upside down. Reality has taught us that afterwards these formulas mostly needed to be adjusted because of deviations. In most cases, the formulas had to be modified, the referential framework had to be narrowed, or exceptions had to be granted to be in line with the observations. Also, Einstein had to change his formula of relativity afterwards. He apologized almost 1.000 times for this fact. Next, some mathematics have a deep belief in some theories which are not proven. Maybe it sounds exaggerated if we compare it with a religion with its bible and its saints. However, to some degree it is. In an attempt to prove their theory, they create formulas. So the theories are proven by mathematics without any observations. It is typically human that we might believe something that is not proven, then any small fact is seen as proof. This is called wishful thinking. Scientists believed in the Higgs Boson. So they finally found a particle with the predicted size. However, they don’t tell you that they first found 10.000 particles with other sizes which are still not explained. Although each year, modern science is enriched with more formulas and theories, the scientific picture is not becoming more clear. On the contrary, more mysteries arise and non- observable mass and forces are created to support current theories and formulas. So why do people skip the analysing phase and create mathematical formulas? There might be 3 reasons: 1. There is too little information and scientists try to discover new things by doing the maths 2. It’s a fast way and less boring way to skip the inventory phase and analysing phase to find new discoveries 3. Some scientists believe in the holy maths and are forgetting or ignoring that analysis is needed Where can we position the 2 leading theories in this big picture? • The Theory of Relativity consists of mathematical formulas based on an idea without any analysis. It’s no wonder that it causes a lot of anomalies and that it cannot be linked with the Quantum Theory • In the Quantum Theory the analysis of elementary particles is well done. A lot of forces are well explained. There is one fatal mistake: the elementary forces are catalogued as force particles and not as force processes. It is an important difference. In my work, all invented ideas, all invented formulas and all scientific assumptions without confirmed observations are disregarded. It is pure analysis based on descriptions of confirmed observations and experiments. The scientific picture that is created this way shows an astonishing different kind of physics. Some surprising results occur. Mathematics is still very important. However, it should be used after analysis.