Analysing

Decomposing and

determining values

The first thing to do when analysing an object is to find its parts. It is also important to determine the value that each part of the object can have. For example, a car has four wheels, has an engine, has a steering wheel, lights in front and in the back, etc. If you want to understand why a car is more powerful than another without testing them, you need to examine the different parts of the engine. And at last to understand the differences in engines you check the values that each characteristic of the engine can have. The value of an engine can be the amount of cylinders or the cylinder content (cc) or the type of combustion that it gets. For example, an engine usually has 4, 6, 8 or 12 cylinders. The cc varies from 1.000 to 8.000. And as to the combustion, an engine gets diesel, gasoline or gas. The same exercise can be made with the human body (= object). Each human has 2 legs, 1 head, 2 arms, 2 hands, 1 heart, 2 kidneys, etc. They are parts of the body. To understand the differences between people you can measure the value of these parts. Each person has for example blood (= part) with a different blood type (=characteristic). The type can be A, B, AB or O (=values). Depending on the blood type that you have you are susceptible to a certain degree to some diseases. When you’re in contact with a disease, by knowing the blood type, you can calculate more accurately what’s the chance to get the disease. Another part of your body is your skin, and the colour is a characteristic of the skin. Depending on the amount of melanin that colours your skin, you are more or less susceptible to burn in the sun, and your skin will absorb more or less vitamin D when exposed to darker environments. The methods or procedures are all the things that you can do and which changes the state of an object. For example, you can see with your eyes which causes that you receive information that should make you think. You can run which causes that your body will arrive in another position. Your skin can receive sunlight which will give it vitamins or which will burn it in a certain degree, etc. And at last, the force is the power that changes you to another situation or state. The power is for example the amount of sunlight to burn your skin. In order to calculate the force or degree of change, mathematics and formulas or needed. The Theory of Relativity If your analysis is real deep and correct, you are able to calculate deadly accurate results. However, analysing can be very difficult or exhaustive. And most of the time not all parts or sub-processes can be accurately determined. To avoid the analysis, our human mind has found a great tool. After some less profound observation, we create an idea based on simple short deductions. For example, we notice that people can run slower or faster, or that their reflex is slower or faster. And we notice that their speed becomes slower with their age and BMI (= weight versus length). So we make a formula that calculates their reflexes or speed based on their age and BMI, and we add some constant to get a result that corresponds the best with the reality. This formula works pretty well and is not based on the analysis. It is a formula based on an idea. In a lot of cases, the results seem to confirm the correctness of the formula but it is still an idea. After some while, we notice that people who are injured cannot run that fast. We can keep the formula and add a referential framework in which we say that injured people are not counting. This way the formula remains short and is very easy to understand. Next we encounter people with slightly different DNA that are shorter, or has slightly smaller leg muscles. Should we enlarge the formula, or do we have to exclude them as well in the referential framework, or do we deny these facts? At some point, because of the simplicity, the formula becomes so popular that we try to explain the running speed in detail through this formula. We even start to play with the formula by using mathematical calculations. And now we have found through calculations that if we preserve a corpse 250 years in ice and we make the corpse super light to 20 kg, the speed of the reflexes become that slow that it comes to a stop. And at the age of 251 years, the speed of reflexes are becoming negative. It must be true because the mathematics proves it. This story sounds hilarious however the same happens with the Theory of Relativity. Going back in time, multiple universes, and so on or created with pure mathematics. In the end we start to find anomalies: an identical twin starts to run and although they are identical, they seem to have different speeds. Due to the food that they took, the one has an excellent blood supply to his muscles while the other suffers. On top of it, this difference influences their mind. The difference in speed cannot be explained by our famous formula based on age and BMI. The medical world is in a better position to explain the speed in more detail. The medical world is looking to the different parts of the body, to the values that it can have, and evaluates the working of the body (= methods). This is a real analysis and takes a lot of effort and time. However, if you know every part, value and method, you can exactly tell why the body works that way. The medical world can never be linked with the formula that we use to calculate the speed because the one is based on an idea while the other is based on real analysis. The same can be said with the Quantum Theory and the Theory of Relativity. In the Quantum Theory, all elementary particles are placed in a list with characteristics and their values. All possible forces are catalogued. The analysis in the Quantum Theory cannot be linked with the idea of the Theory of Relativity. The Quantum Theory Is the Quantum Theory a perfect analysis, and how close is this theory to the analysis of the most elementary particles, characteristics and forces? Actually, the working of the Universe with all its elementary particles and forces can be compared extremely well with the working of software. In informatics, we have on the one hand data, like a text file or a movie file. On the other hand, we have software that can change something: a word processor can change the text file, a movie player can show a movie. The data on the computer can be compared with all kinds of matter in the universe, and the software tools can be compared with the forces. Through analysis, we find that the data on our computer consists of files. The files have different extensions. The extension ‘mp3’ is recognized by the computer as a sound file and is treated that way. The value of the file is a specified song. The extension ‘jpg’ is recognised as a picture and the extension ‘txt’ as a text file. Each of these files is made up of characters or bytes. Some bytes you can read as the characters in the alphabet while other characters or not readable. All possible values of bytes can be found in the ASCII-table. In total there are 128 or 256 different bytes depending on the kind of table. And we can decompose further: each byte consists of 8 bits. Each bit can only have the value 0 or 1. So there is 1 bit with 2 values. It means that all data of sound, video, text etc. are traced back to the value of simple bits. In the same way we can find a lot of different matter in the Universe. It can be composed matter, alloys or pure matter. All matter, dead or living, is composed of molecules. There exists a huge amount of different molecules. A value of the molecules can be the degree of acidity. All molecules are made up of a group of atoms. The characteristics of the atoms are well described in the Table of Mendeljev. In total there are known 118 different atoms. And we can decompose further: each atom is composed of electrons , protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons are made of quarks. In the Quantum theory, electrons and quarks are described as elementary particles. In total scientists found 12 elementary particles with different values in spin, charge and mass. Just as in software, we have decomposed the matter. At the bottom we find 12 different particles which are all made of mass. It seems that the elementary particles are not the endpoint. The electrons and quarks are not the bits of the software; they are the bytes of the software. Scientists seem to realize that also in physics, there must be some kind of bit. The String Theory is a good attempt in their quest to find a single bit in physics. In the String Theory, all matter is pictured as a thin vibrating rope. The frequency of vibrating defines the art of the particle. It’s a good idea. There is one small remark: the String Theory is more a mathematical work and is missing some analysis. How about the forces and processes in both software and the Quantum Theory? In the computer, there are software tools like a word processor to make changes in a text file. By using a text word processor we can load a text file, ad some comments, or make the text font bold. All utilities in the word processor are made with instructions of a programming tool like assembler. And we can go further: all the available assembler- instructions are created with basic instructions of the microchip. At last, all basic instructions of the microchip can lead back to a few simple electrical operators like the OR-operator and the AND- operator. How do these operators function? In an operator, 2 bits are brought together. In the AND- operator, the result is 1 if both incoming bits are equal to 1. In the OR-operator, the result is 1 if just 1 of the incoming bits has a value of 1. These basic operators are very simple. The matter in the Universe also has some characteristics which can be changed by forces. For example, matter can have a certain temperature. Temperature is caused by the movements of the atoms in the matter. The temperature changes if 2 neighbouring matters have a different temperature. They influence each other. Sound waves are waves of bouncing atoms and can be produced by smashing materials upon each other. These examples demonstrate that changes occur when 2 different objects interact. The force is the degree of change. It is similar to the software operators in which 2 different bits are compared. Depending on the value of both bits, the result varies. On the molecular level, we can see the same thing: atoms interact with each other based on their electronegative value which is a result of the amount of electrons around them. Two things are compared and the result depends on both values. So far so good. Imagine there was a time that scientists really believed in the existence of a particle called caloris. The caloris should carry the temperature. It may sound crazy. However, that’s what is mostly done in the Quantum theory with forces. In Quantum Theory, the forces are very well described, and that is a very good job. However they also try to grant a lot of forces to a particle, which is then said to be the carrier of that particular force. This way besides the list of elementary particles (electrons, quarks), they have created a list of force particles. For example, the strong force which holds the nucleus of the atom together is granted to a particle with the name nuon. It acts as some kind of glue. This leads to some annoying questions: • What is happening with the nuon when atoms are splitting? • From where is the extra nuon coming when atoms are merging? Does it sound strange if I say that these nuon particles cannot be observed? And there are other force particles. The W-and Z-boson are the particles that carry the weak nucleus force. These bosons are also never observed. Some people also hope to find the gravitational force in a particle which they have called graviton. More recently, they discovered a particle which is called Higgs Boson which is said to be the carrier of mass. How did they discover the Higgs Boson? Firstly it was calculated through mathematics that it should exist. Then it was predicted that the Higgs Boson particle should have a certain amount of mass. In order to find a particle with this amount of mass, they used the Large Hadron Collider in Genève in which elementary particles were smashed together. After the crash, the amount of the debris’ mass was calculated on basis of their path after the collision. After some years they finally found debris with the right amount of mass. So it was proven that the Higgs Boson particle existed. They didn’t mention that they have first found 10.000 pieces of debris with other amounts of mass that did not fit in their list. It is like making an assumption on animals, and saying that this assumption is true if you find an animal that is 46,23 cm tall and weighs 24,02 kg. After visiting 1.000 zoos you finally find an animal with these measurements so your assumption must be true. Forces only occur when 2 objects are brought together and are due to a difference in value on characteristics of both objects. Forces are not carried by particles. If 2 cars are colliding, they are bouncing back with a force that depends on the mass and speed of both cars. They are not bouncing back because of another material in between that carries the ‘bouncing force’. As long as this difference is not well understood, scientists will keep struggling to explain the forces.